Will it begin with sterilization and end in euthanasia? Read through to the end…Feds Coming After Americans With Disabilities! After demoralizing, dehumanizing and victimizing American people… https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC479215/
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๐ผ๐๐ธ๐๐๐น๐พ๐๐ ๐๐ฝ๐ ๐ฟ๐พ๐๐๐๐ ๐ป๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ป ๐๐พ๐๐ถ๐ธ๐๐๐
All books and journals by Laurel Sobol are available online at Barns and Noble bn.com
⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️
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NIH Trying to spike 30 year old man with Down syndrome- Man and his mom both don’t want Covid-19 jab…but NIH is being forceful! Who would ever suspect this? The Supreme Court declared forced Covid-19 jabs are not mandatory in 2924. Biden Harris Admin. try to force Covid-19 jabs, then backpedal saying that they never did.
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=TWBEnVYxWJ0
⭐️⭐️⭐️
Biden announces sweeping vaccine mandates affecting millions of workers
The administration said the new mandates could affect around 100 million people, more than two-thirds of the U.S. workforce. https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/biden-announce-additional-vaccine-mandates-he-unveils-new-covid-strategy-n1278735
WASHINGTON — President Joe Biden on Thursday issued two executive orders mandating vaccines for federal workers and contractors and announced new requirements for large employers and health care providers that he said would affect around 100 million workers, more than two-thirds of the U.S. workforce.
"We've been patient, but our patience is wearing thin," Biden said, making a direct appeal to the 80 million people who he said were still unvaccinated. "Your refusal has cost all of us."
Biden also announced that he asked the Department of Labor to issue an emergency rule requiring all employers with 100 or more employees to ensure their workforce is fully vaccinated or require any unvaccinated workers to produce a negative Covid test at least once a week. The requirement could carry a $14,000 fine per violation and would affect two-thirds of the country's workforce, a senior administration official said.
Employees working in health care facilities that receive Medicare or Medicaid reimbursement will also be required to be vaccinated, Biden said, a move that will impact 7 million workers at 50,000 health care providers.
As of July, 27 percent of the country's health care workers were unvaccinated, according to a study by the Covid States Project.⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️
After demoralizing and dehumanizing and victimizing American people… https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC479215/
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J Med Ethics. 1999 Jun; 25(3): 237–241. doi: 10.1136/jme.25.3.237PMCID: PMC479215PMID: 10390678
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J Med Ethics. 1999 Jun; 25(3): 237–241.
doi: 10.1136/jme.25.3.237
PMCID: PMC479215
PMID: 10390678
Sterilisation of incompetent mentally handicapped persons: a model for decision making.
Abstract
Doctors are regularly confronted with requests for sterilisation of mentally handicapped people who cannot give consent for themselves. They ought to act in a medical vacuum because there doesn't exist a consensus about a model for decision making on this matter. In this article a model for decision making is proposed, based on a review of the literature and our own research data. We have attempted to select and classify certain factors which could enable us to arrive at an ethically justifiable method of making a medical decision. In doing so we distinguish two major criteria: heredity and parenting competence, and six minor criteria: conception risk, IQ, age, personality, medical aspects and prognosis and finally support and guidance for the mentally handicapped person. The major criteria give rise to a "situation of necessity". In this situation the physician is confronted with a conflict of values and interests. The minor criteria are of an entirely different ethical order. They can only be considered once the major criteria have created a "situation of necessity". Ultimately it comes down to deciding whether the benefits of sterilisation outweigh the drawbacks and whether the means are appropriate to the end, where efficient contraception is the end and irreversible sterilisation is the means.
Doctors are regularly confronted with requests for sterilisation of mentally handicapped people who cannot give consent for themselves. They ought to act in a medical vacuum because there doesn't exist a consensus about a model for decision making on this matter. In this article a model for decision making is proposed, based on a review of the literature and our own research data. We have attempted to select and classify certain factors which could enable us to arrive at an ethically justifiable method of making a medical decision. In doing so we distinguish two major criteria: heredity and parenting competence, and six minor criteria: conception risk, IQ, age, personality, medical aspects and prognosis and finally support and guidance for the mentally handicapped person. The major criteria give rise to a "situation of necessity". In this situation the physician is confronted with a conflict of values and interests. The minor criteria are of an entirely different ethical order. They can only be considered once the major criteria have created a "situation of necessity". Ultimately it comes down to deciding whether the benefits of sterilisation outweigh the drawbacks and whether the means are appropriate to the end, where efficient contraception is the end and irreversible sterilisation is the means.
Full text
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Sterilisationofincompetentmentally handicapped persons: a model for decision
making
JokePM Denekens,HermanNysandHugoStuerUniversityofAntwerp,UniversityofLeuvenandUniversity ofAntwerp,Belgiumrespectively
entifichypothesisthatalformsofmentalretarda- tionwerehereditary.'
Inthefirstpartofthiscenturyeugenicsterilisa- tionstookplaceinmany countries,aloverthe world.
Applebaum wrote about the United States of America:
Inthisarticleamodelfordecisionmakingis
proposed,basedonareviewoftheliteratureandour
own researchdata. We have attemptedtoselectand
clasifycertainfactorswhichcouldenableustoarrive geography.By1935,backedupbyBuckvBell atanethicalyjustifiablemethodofmakinga decrying 'three generations of imbeciles' as medicaldecision. enough, 30 states had passed sterilisation laws,
Indoingsowedistinguishtwomajorcriteria: hopingtoimprovethepopulationasawhole".2 heredityandparentingcompetence,andsixminor
criteria:conceptionrisk,IQ,age,personality,medical Asaresultoftheselawssome60,000personswith aspectsandprognosisandfinallysupportand mental illness and mental retardation were guidanceforthementallyhandicappedperson.The involuntarilysterilisedduringthefirstpartofthis majorcriteriagiverisetoa "situationofnecesity".
Abstract Doctorsareregularlyconfrontedwithrequestsfor sterilisationofmentallyhandicappedpeoplewho cannotgiveconsentforthemselves.Theyoughttoact inamedicalvacuum becausetheredoesn'texista consensus about a modelfor decision making on this matter.
Inthissituationthephysicianisconfrontedwitha conflictofvaluesandinterests.Theminorcriteriaare ofanentirelydiferentethicalorder.Theycanonlybe consideredoncethemajorcriteriahavecreateda
"situationofnecesity". Ultimatelyitcomesdowntodecidingwhetherthe
benefitsofsterilisationoutweighthedrawbacksand whetherthemeansareappropriatetotheend,where eficientcontraceptionistheendandireversible sterilisationisthemeans.
(7ournalofMedical Ethics 1999;25:237-241)
Keywords: Sterilisation;mentallyhandicappedpersons; decisionmaking
century.3 By 1937 225,000 people had been steri- lised in Germany.4 New understanding has progressivelyunderminedtheheredityargument.5
1.Introduction
The theme of sterilisation of the mentally
handicappediscurrentlyverymuchinthenews.
Theworldwasrecentlydismayedtolearnthat
thousandsofwomenweresterilisedinSweden modelfordecisionmakinginthisarea. between1935and1976becausetheirbehaviour By drawing on the data available in the wasregardedas"unacceptable". literature, and drawing on our own research
Thesesterilisationstookplaceinasocial data,'0wehaveattemptedtoselectandclassify context,whereitwasassumedonthebasisofsci- certainfactorswhichcouldenableustoarriveat
JournalofMedicalEthics1999;25:237-241
"Eugenicsterilisationandthelawsthatallowedits practice are not distant, either in time or
Moreovernew developmentsinspecialeduca- tion and training such as normalisation6 and mainstreaming7havebroughtaboutafundamen- tal change in how mental retardation is viewed. The Declaration on the Rights of Mentally Retarded Persons in 1971 by the United Nations Assembly, proclaims that the mentally retarded personhas,tothemaximum degreeoffeasibility, the same rights as other human beings.8
Mostmentallyhandicappedpersonsnowlivein a mixed environment. Consequently the question offertilitycontrolisincreasinglyrelevant.Moreover asuitableformofconceptioncontrolformentally handicapped people is not always easy to find.9 Doctorsareregularlyconfrontedwithrequestsfor thesterilisationofmentallyhandicappedpeople.In themedicalworldthereisnoconsensusabouta
238 Sterilisationofincompetentmentallyhandicappedpersons:amodelfordecisionmaking
anethicallyjustifiablemethodofmedicaldecision mentalretardation.Intheothercasesitisimpos- makingwhenconfrontedwitharequestforthe sibletopinpointacause.'4
sterilisation of an incompetent mentally retarded person.
The physician must therefore determine, as far asispossible,whatthecauseofthementalretar- dation is and what is the chance that progeny could inherit the same disease.'3 Individualising everycaseisveryimportant.Itisalsoimportantto obtain a genetic opinion when prenatal diagnosis isinvolvedandtodiscusstheresultswiththepar-
2. Major criteria for the evaluation of a
request for sterilisation
Thepointsofdeparturefortheevaluationofa
request to sterilise a mentally handicapped tiesconcerned.Thereisnoreasontoconfusethis person,unabletodecideforherselforhimself,are witheugenics,assometimesoccurs. theideasof"respect"forandthe"bestinterest"of
thementallyhandicappedsubject.Theimplica- 2.2.PARENTINGCOMPETENCE tionhereisthatthementallyhandicappedperson Thedegreetowhichsomebodyisacompetent must,asfaraspossible,beinvolvedinthedecision parentcanbeseenasbeingonacontinuumrang- makingprocess."3
Insofarasthementallyhandicappedpersonis competenttogiveinformedconsent,thedecision oftheindividualshouldberespected.Whena requestforsterilisationismadebytheparentsor theguardianofthementallyhandicappedperson, thephysicianisconfrontedwithaconflictof valuesandinterests.Firstofalthephysicianhas adutytohelpthepatienttoreachfuldevelop- ment,includingpossibleparenthood,ontheother handhemaynotneglecthisdutytomakesure thatthepatienthastheabilitytoraiseandcarefor afuturechild.
Ifthere are good and sound reasons for believ- ingthatthelikelihoodofasignificanthandicapof thefuturechildisverygreatand/orthequalityof theparentalcarewouldbeminimal,aconflict arisesbetweenthesenegativefactorsandthe legallyprotectedrighttohavechildren.
Thisinturnmeansthatthehereditarynatureof thehandicapandtheparentingabilitymustbe properlydocumentedinordertoarriveatanethi- callyacceptabledecision.
Weconsiderheredityandparentingabilitytobe majorcriteriabecausetheyrelatetotheoptimisa- tionofprocreationandthepropagationoflife. The presence of one or both major criteria gives risetoasocalled"situationofnecessity".
Let us now examine these major criteria.
2.1. HEREDITY Mentalretardationcanhavevariousaetiologies, hereditaryoracquired:prenatal(singlegene defects,chromosomaldisorders,complexmalfor- mationsyndromes),perinatal(complicationsof prematurity,hypoxic-ischemicinsults,infection), and postnatal (infections, toxins such as lead, metabolicdisorders,trauma,severedeprivation andotherfactors).Inabout60%to75%ofchil- drenwithseverementalretardationandinabout 38% to 55% of children with mild mental retardationwecanestablishanaetiologyforthe
ing from 100% competent to 100% incompetent. Everyindividual,includingthenon-handicapped, canbelocatedonthiscontinuum.Somewhere alongthishorizontallinethereisatransitionfrom competenttoincompetent.
Assessing parenting competence is a dificult task,particularlywhentheassessorisrequiredto makethisassessmentwhenthepersonconcerned isstiladolescent.Anopinionbasedonathorough psychologicalandsocialstudyisdesirable.Here chartingtheindividual'sabilitytomanageonhis orherown(socialviability),usingexistingscales, may be ofsome asistance.13
As the child grows up the caring aspects of parentinggivewaytomorecomplicatedtasks.
Theconsequencemaybethatthechildrenleave theirparents'home,whichcanbehighlydisturb- ingtothementallyhandicappedparent.Inthis connection Macklin and others have formulated sixcharacteristicsforassessingparentalcompe- tence:lackofverbalskils;obtrusivedeformation ofreality;persistentmalicetowardschildren; inconsistent value system; inability to transmit essentialsurvivalinformationoramodelforlife, andfailuretoestablishandmaintaininterpersonal relationships."
3.Minor criteria Apartfromthemajorcriteria,therearesixminor criteria which should be considered during the decisionmakingprocess.Theminorcriteriaareof anentirelydifferentethicalorderfromthemajor criteria.Thesecriteriacanreallyonlybeconsid- eredoncethemajorcriteriahavecreateda"situa- tionofnecessity".Theirpurposeistohelpwith theassessmentofeveryindividualsituation.
3.1.RISKOFCONCEPTION Thefirstminorcriterionistheriskofconception. Many authors215 18212 refer to "risk of conception"asanimportantelementinthedeci- sionmakingprocess.
Herevariousaspectsareinvolved,including alternativesinthefuture,particularlyforadoles- fertility,thepresenceofmembersoftheopposite centgirls.Alternativemethodstosterilisation sex, sexual interest and sexual knowledge. must have been tried and found unsatisfactory2'
Thefirstelementisthefertilityofthementally beforedecidingforasterilisation. handicappedindividual.Whenthereisnofertility, Itisobviousthatthesituationismuch more obviously,sterilisationisnotneeded.Anotherele- complicatedforboys/menthanforgirls/women, mentisknowingwhetherthementallyhandi- becauseofthenon-existenceofacceptable cappedpersonlivesorwillliveinamixed-sex reversiblemethodsofcontraception. environment. The expectations of the parents of
thementallyhandicappedregardingthefutureof 3.4.PERSONALITYOFTHEMENTALLYHANDICAPPED theirchildinconnectionwithmarriageand PARENT parenthoodorinconnectionwithbuildingan Theevidenceisthatchildrenbenefitwhentheir independentexistencearelikewiseimportantele- parentshavestablepersonalities.Lowself-esteem ments.Theappraisalofthefuturebyprofessional andfeelingsofinferioritymakethetaskofraising supervisorscangiveanindicationofwhetherthe childrenmoredificult.Itisalsoimportanttohave mentallyhandicappedpersonislikelytobe aconsistentsystemofvalues.Thewayinwhich supervisedthroughouthisorherlife. the parents experience and assess the external
Thethirdelementrelatestosexualinterest. worldisaguidingfactor.Behaviourmaybe Thiscanbeappraisedbyquestionssuchasthe sociallyacceptableorviolentanddestructive." following: does the mental handicapped person
havesexualrelationsoristherereasontobelieve 3.5.MEDICALASPECTSANDPROGNOSIS thatheorshewillhavesexualrelationsinthenear Medicalassessmentshoulddetermineifthereare future; does the subject have a permanent otherproblems,suchasepilepsy,depression,psy- relationshipordoesthesubjecthavefleetingrela- chiatricsymptomsorhandicapsthatinterferewith tionships;isthereinappropriatesexualbehaviour; sensoryormotorfunctionorbothsothatself-care istheresexualabuse;haspregnancyalready canbecompromised.'3Itisalsoworthfindingout occurred,andhasthesubjectalreadyundergone ifmedicinesmustberegularlytakenwhichinter- an abortion? act with contraceptive drugs2' or which would
Thefourthfactorrelatestoanysexeducation harmthefetusintheeventofpregnancy. whichthementallyhandicappedpersonmayhave A fulprognosisisalsoimportant,particularly received.Anunderstandingoftheanatomyand fortheassessmentofadolescentswhenthereisa physiologyofthereproductiveorgansandtherela- likelihoodthattheirconditionmayimprove. tionship between coitus and pregnancy is essential
ifthesubjectistobetaughtaboutcontraceptives 3.6.SUPPORTANDGUIDANCE andtheiruseeitherunaidedorwithassistance.20A Itisalsowisetofindoutiftherewillbeenough morebroadlybasedapproachcoulddiscusssexual supportandguidancefortherelationshipofthe experienceandpersonalrelationships. mentalhandicappedpersonandforanychildren.
Parents and/or family and/or those in the the 3.2. IQ immediate environment must be asked ifthey are
Theintelligencequotientisarelativecriterionand preparedtoprovidesuitablesupportandguid-
ismostcertainlynotthemostimportant.Farfrom
alsocietiesattachasmuchimportancetointeli-
gence criteria as we do. Intelligence quotient can
changeovertheyears.ArecentIQisneededas foroutsideaninstitutionandusuallybyparents.If wellasIQvaluesrecordedoverperiodoftime. thereisariskofconception,particularlyifheor This will help in assessing possible change.'3 she is promiscuous, the parents are faced with
whatisoftenanethicallydemandingissueofwhat
todoiftheresultisanunwantedpregnancy.Their Ifotherwaysofcontrollingfertilityareavailable, viewonthismattershouldbeatleastasimportant
sterilisationcanbedelayeduntiltheadolescent astherightsofthehandicapped. reaches majority, or until his or her future is
3.3. AGE
clearer.20 The presence of a partner is, for
example,asignificantdevelopmentasthecouple
maythendecidewhethertoadoptcontraceptive
measures and what these should be. Pharmaceuti-
caldevelopments,suchastheadministrationof 1.Beforeproceedingtotheassessmentofa subcutaneous gestagens, could offer attractive requestforsterilisationwithconsentgivenin
Denekens,Nys,Stuer 239
ancebothinemotionalandmaterialtermsaswell aspurelyfinancialy.'6
Oftenthementallyhandicappedpersoniscared
4.Conclusions Inconclusionwewishtoproposethefollowing sevenguidelines:
240 Sterilisationofincompetentmentallyhandicappedpersons:amodelfordecisionmaking
thepatient'sstead,itmustfirstbedetermined theend,whereefficientcontraceptionistheend whetherthementallyhandicappedpersonis andirreversiblesterilisationisthemeans. capableofdecidingforhim orherself.Should Finallywe wishtomake itperfectlyclearwhat thisbethecase,thepatientwillbeallowedto thedifferenceisbetweenthesemedicalandethical decideandthestandardsoftheinformedcon- proposalsandanyarrangementsimposedbylaw.
Lawmakers cannot take account of the specific 2.Theevaluationonwhichthedecisiontosteri- characteristicsoftheindividualcase.Wedonot
sentprocedurewillbeapplied.
lise will be based will always be made on an
individual basis in the context of the
supporta"sterilisationlaw". Theindividualapproach,sofundamentaltothe
physician(team)/patientrelationshiponthe problemsunderconsiderationhere,islostthe basisofoneorbothmajorcriteria:istherea momentitbecomesenshrinedinlegalrules.None
hereditaryfactorand/oristherealackof thelesslegislationisneededinordertoputanend
tothelegaluncertaintysurroundingthisproblem. 3.Inviewofthemedical,psychological,social, Societalcontroloftheethicsofthemedicalaction educational,ethicalandlegalaspectsofthe takenisessential.Anylegislationshoulddeter-
decisionamultidisciplinaryapproachisessen- minetheprocedurewherebythedecisionistaken, tial. who shouldrepresentthementallyhandicapped
4.Thementallyhandicappedpersonmustbe person,whogivesconsentonhisorherbehalf, involvedinthedecisionmakingprocessasfar andfinalyitshouldofferawayofreviewingthe asthisispossible. decisionintheeventofdispute.
5.Thebestpossibleuseshouldbemadeof JokePMDenekens,MD,PhD,isProfessorinGeneral opportunities for sexual education. Practice, and Head of the Department of General 6.Thedecisionmakingprocessregardingsterili- Practice,UniversityofAntwerp,Belgium.Herman sationmustneverbeallowedtobecomeamat- Nys,ML,PhD,isProfessorinMedicalLawand ter of urgency. Co-director of the Centre of Biomedical Ethics and 7.Counsellingtheparentscancontributeto Law,UniversityofLeuven,Belgium.HugoStuer, ensuringthatthecontraceptionproblemissat- MD,isaGeneralPractitionerandAssistantinthe
isfactory resolved. A more broadly based Department of General Practice, University of approachcoulddiscusssexualexperienceand Antwerp,Belgium.Correspondenceaddress:ProfDr
parentingcapability
personalrelationships.
JfPM Denekens,UniversityofAntwerp,Department
of General Practice, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wegranttheauthoritytotakethedecisiontogo Antwerpen(Wilrijk),Belgium.
ahead with sterilisation to the parent or the legal
representativeofthementallyhandicappedper- References sonafteraprocessofmultidisciplinaryconsulta- 1BourguignonHJ.Mentalretardation:therealitybehindthe
tionbetweentheparentorlegalrepresentativeand the patient's physician and his or her team. The mentallyhandicappedpersonwillasfaraspossi- ble be involved in this process. The underlying philosophyisarespectforprivatedecisionmaking in the family. There are other possibilities, but we do not discuss them here because this is not the purpose of our paper.
Partners in the multidisciplinary consultation process might include a (neuro)psychiatrist or psychologist, a special educationalist, the general practitioner, a social worker, and a specialist in a discipline such as paediatrics, genetics, internal medicine,gynaecology,urologyetc,dependingon thecaseathand.""3
The file on which the decision is based will contain a medical report, a psychological report andasocialassessment.'3172
label. Cambridge Quarterly ofHealthcare Ethics 1994;3:179-94. 2 Applebaum GM, La Puma J. Sterilization and a mentally handicapped minor: providing consent for one who cannot.
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Mann undbeiderFrauinderBundesrepublikDeutschland.
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9 Chamberlain A, Rauh J, Passer A, McGrath M, Burkit R. Issues in fertility control for mentally retarded female adolescents:I.Sexualactivity,sexualabuseandcontraception. Pediatrics1984;73:445-50.
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(Sterilization of the mentally handicapped: who can give
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12 Eser A. Contraception and abortion of mentally handicapped femaleadolescentsunderGermanlaw.MedicineandLaw 1985; 4:499-513.
13 Perrin JC, Sands CR, Tinker DE, Dominguez BC, Dingle JT, ThomasMJ.A consideredapproachtosterilizationofmentally retarded youth. American Journal of Diseases of Children
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Medical Genetics 1981; 9:1-3.
16 Nash ES, Navias M. The therapeutic sterilization of the men-
talyhandicapped.ExperiencewiththeAbortionandSteriliza- tion Act of 1975. South Africa Medical Journal 1992;82:437-9.
17 McManus R. Sterilization and the mentally handicapped person.NorthCarolinaMedicalJournal1983;44:92-3.
18 McLachlanR,PeppinP.Sexualityandcontraceptionfordevel- opmentally handicapped persons. Canadian Family Physician 1986;32:1631-7.
19 MacklinR,GaylinW,eds.Mentalretardationandsterilization.A problemofcompetencyandpaternalism.New YorkandLondon: The Hastings Center Series in Ethics, Plenum Press, 1981.
20 Vining E, Freeman J. Sterilization and the retarded female: is advocacydeprivingindividualsoftheirrights?Pediatrics1978; 62:850-3.
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22 Elkins TE, Gafford LS, Wilks CS, Muram D, Golden G. A model clinic approach to the reproductive health concerns of thementallyhandicapped. Obstetricsand Gynecology 1986;68: 185-8.
News and notes
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TheEuropeanCommissionispublishingcalsfor proposalsforresearchintheareaofbiomedicalethics and bioethics in 1999, 2000 and 2001 under the Fifth FrameworkProgrammeforResearchandtheSpecific Programmefor"QualityofLifeandManagementof LivingResources".
Thesecallsareopentoteamswishingtopropose either research projects or concerted actions, research networksorconferences.
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shouldbepublishedwithaclosingdateinOctober 1999.
This cal will be covering areas such as: Ethical aspectsofscientificandtechnologicaldevelopments; Ethicalframeworkforthelifesciences;Publicpolicies, law and bioethics, and Bioethics infrastructures and methodologies.
For more details or an information pack please contactMr MaurizioSalviat:fax:32-2.299.58.88orby email:maurizio.salvi(dgl2.cec.be
Denekens,Nys,Stuer 241
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
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- Chamberlain A, Rauh J, Passer A, McGrath M, Burket R. Issues in fertility control for mentally retarded female adolescents: I. Sexual activity, sexual abuse, and contraception. Pediatrics. 1984 Apr;73(4):445–450. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
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- Eser A. Contraception and abortion of mentally handicapped female adolescents under German law. Med Law. 1985;4(6):499–513. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Perrin JC, Sands CR, Tinker DE, Dominguez BC, Dingle JT, Thomas MJ. A considered approach to sterilization of mentally retarded youth. Am J Dis Child. 1976 Mar;130(3):288–290. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Palmer FB, Capute AJ. Mental retardation. Pediatr Rev. 1994 Dec;15(12):473–479.[PubMed] [Google Scholar]
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Articles from Journal of Medical Ethics are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group
Child euthanasia in Nazi Germany
Child Euthanasia (German: Kinder-Euthanasie) was the name given to the organized killing of severely mentally and physically disabled children and young people up to 16 years old during the Nazi erain over 30 so-called special children's wards. At least 5,000 children were victims of the program, which was a precursor to the subsequent murder of children in the concentration camps.
Child Euthanasia (German: Kinder-Euthanasie) was the name given to the organized killing of severely mentally and physically disabled children and young people up to 16 years old during the Nazi erain over 30 so-called special children's wards. At least 5,000 children were victims of the program, which was a precursor to the subsequent murder of children in the concentration camps.
